Statistics - Estimation

Point estimates are the most likely value for a population parameter.

Confidence intervals express the uncertainty of an estimated population parameter.

The Point Estimate

A point estimate is calculated from a sample.

The point estimate depends on the type of data:

• Categorical data: the number of occurrences divided by the sample size.
• Numerical data: the mean (the average) of the sample.

One example could be:

Estimates are always uncertain. This uncertainty can be expressed with a confidence interval.

Confidence Intervals

The confidence interval is defined by a lower bound and an upper bound.

This gives us a range of values that the true parameter is likely to be between.

For example that:

Here, 170 cm is the lower bound, and 190 cm is the upper bound.

The lower and upper bounds of a confidence interval is based on the confidence level.

The Confidence Level

Confidence levels can be expressed as percentages or decimal numbers, and the most commonly used are:

• 90% (0.90)
• 95% (0.95)
• 99% (0.99)

The higher the confidence level, the bigger the interval will be.

For example, the confidence intervals for the average height of people in Denmark might be:

We use this confidence level together with a probability distribution to decide how large the margin of error is.

The Margin of Error

The margin of error is the distance between the point estimate and the lower and upper bounds.

The margin of error is based on the confidence level and the data we have from the sample.

For example, if the point estimate for the average height of people in Denmark is 180 cm:

Steps for Calculating the Confidence Interval

The following steps are used to calculate a confidence interval:

1. Check the conditions
2. Find the point estimate
3. Decide the confidence level
4. Calculate the margin of error
5. Calculate the confidence interval

One condition is that the sample is randomly selected from the population.

The other conditions depends on what type of parameter you are calculate the confidence interval for.

Commonly estimated parameters are:

• Proportions (for qualitative data)
• Mean values (for numerical data)

You will learn the steps for both types in the following pages.